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According to our research report “Global Biofuel Market Analysis”, the biofuel industry has substantially grown across the world on the back of strong demand (both ethanol and biodiesel) for road transport. We have also found that governments of both the developing and developed nations are supporting biofuel developments for the diversification of energy sources and the improvement of environment. Thus, the global ethanol and biodiesel production is expected to grow at a CAGR around 5% and 4% respectively between 2010 and 2019.

The report has examined the biofuel industry at the regional level. The Americas (US, Canada and Brazil) dominate the global ethanol market and accounts for around 90% of the world total ethanol production. However, the EU has a strong foothold on the biodiesel market and accounts for over two-third of the total biodiesel production in the world.

Our report gives a deep insight into the trends prevailing in different regions of the world. Apart from the Americas and EU, we have also covered the Asia-Pacific biofuel market. India and China are the emerging biofuel markets both in terms of production and consumption.

“Global Biofuel Market Analysis” provides an extensive research and rational analysis of the global biofuel market. The report contains thoroughly analyzes current market trends in both developed and emerging economies in context of statistical data. The report also covers the government initiatives which help to increase demand for biofuel. 

We have also provided the industry forecast based on correlation of past drivers, challenges and opportunities for expansion. The report includes forecast analysis of ethanol production and consumption as well as biodiesel production and consumption. We have studied the cost involved in biofuel production for major biofuel producers worldwide. 

For FREE SAMPLE of this report visit: http://www.rncos.com/Report/IM098.htm

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Currently, the technology and production of carbon fiber worldwide is still under the control of Japan and the USA owing to the complicated production process, high technical content, and the politically restricted introduction of technologies and equipment. There are now less than 20 countries and regions that can realize the industrialization of carbon fiber and no more than 12 enterprises that are capable of mass-production around the globe. Toray (Japan), Toho Tenax (Japan), Zoltek (USA), and Mitsubishi Rayon (Japan) rank the global Top 4 manufacturers by the capacity of carbon fiber, accounting for 23.4%, 17.1%, 14.3% and 10.3% respectively of the global total capacity, while Chinese enterprises occupy only 4.3%.

Capacity Percentage of Carbon Fiber Manufacturers Worldwide, 2009 (Based on the Capacity of Carbon Fiber Tow)

 
Source: ResearchInChina

Globally, the production of carbon fiber is mostly dominated by PAN-based carbon fiber, the capacity of which in 2009 accounted for 96% or so of the global total capacity of carbon fiber. Japan’s Toray, Toho Tenax, and Mitsubishi Rayon are mainly engaged in the production of small-tow (≤24K) PAN-based carbon fiber, amounting to 70.5% of the global total capacity of small-tow carbon fiber in 2009; while America’s Zoltek mainly deals with large-tow (>24K) PAN-based carbon fiber and its capacity took 49.1% of the global total capacity of large-tow carbon fiber in 2009.

The entire market of pitch-based carbon fiber is not so big but rather centralized in production. Japan’s Kureha enjoyed the highest capacity of pitch-based carbon fiber by 1.45 kilotons in 2009, approximating 65% market share, followed by America’s Cytec of about 17.9%.

China has taken the industrialization of carbon fiber technology as a strategic task, however, the overall level is far behind that of the developed countries and the entire industry is still at the stage of initial development. Along with the breakthroughs in carbon fiber industrialized technologies, the successively released policies for carbon fiber industry development, and the stimulation of the huge gap between supply and demand in domestic market, China has launched a lot of research projects concerning carbon fiber and kiloton industrialization projects. Up to the end of 2009, China had formed the annual capacity of 7.81 kiloton PAN precursor and 3.31 kiloton carbon fiber, but the actual output of carbon fiber was just over 900 tons with the import dependency ratio as high as 83.9%.

Till June 2010, the capacity of carbon fiber projects planned to be built or under construction in China recorded 60 kilotons or so, hereinto, the capacity of the projects planned to go into operation at the end of 2010 (including those went into operation before June 2010) exceeded 7 kilotons. Nevertheless, only a small number of projects can successfully go into operation and realize stable production now that there is a lack of core industrialization technology with independent intellectual property rights in Chinese carbon fiber industry, but this heralds the development opportunity of the carbon fiber industry in China.  

This report lays emphasis on the current development, supply & demand, competition pattern, price trend as well as the development trend of global and China carbon fiber industry. Moreover, it also casts light on the operation and development of 18 manufacturers worldwide such as Japan’s Toray, Toho Tenax, and Mitsubishi Rayon, America’s Zoltek, and China’s ZhongFu ShenYing.  

Take Toray ranking world’s No.1 in terms of overall competitiveness of carbon fiber as an example. Its revenue of carbon fiber business mainly stems from aviation & spaceflight, industry and sports fields, occupying 44.2%, 36.7% and 19.1% respectively of the total revenue of carbon fiber business in FY2009. The economic crisis led to the postponed orders from aviation and sports fields for carbon fiber, and the revenue and operating profit of Toray’s carbon fiber business both plunged in FY2009, of which, the former fell to JPY50.7 billion, down 28% from the prior year, and the latter registered JPY6.2 billion, down 26.2% from a year earlier.

Revenue and Operating Profit of Toray’s Carbon Fiber Business, FY2008-FY2009 (Unit: JPY bn)

 
Source: Annals of Toray, ResearchInChina

Along with the rapid recovery of global carbon fiber market, Toray accelerates to perform the carbon fiber prepreg supply contract with Boeing B787 and respectively signs carbon fiber supply contract with EADS (European Aeronautic Defense and Space Company, the parent company of Airbus SAS) and Daimler in 2010. Meanwhile, Toray is continuously expanding its capacity of carbon fiber in order to meet the market demand of carbon fiber for aviation and industry in the future. According to its schedule, the annual capacity of carbon fiber of Toray will hit 25 kilotons and the market share will reach 38% by the end of 2010. In addition, on April 22, 2010, Toray announced that it would take 11 years to fulfill the carbon fiber investment plan of KRW480 billion in South Korea via Toray Saehan, its subsidiary in South Korea.

For details of this report please visit http://www.researchinchina.com/Htmls/Report/2010/5939.html.

Currently, the technology and production of carbon fiber worldwide is still under the control of Japan and the USA owing to the complicated production process, high technical content, and the politically restricted introduction of technologies and equipment. There are now less than 20 countries and regions that can realize the industrialization of carbon fiber and no more than 12 enterprises that are capable of mass-production around the globe. Toray (Japan), Toho Tenax (Japan), Zoltek (USA), and Mitsubishi Rayon (Japan) rank the global Top 4 manufacturers by the capacity of carbon fiber, accounting for 23.4%, 17.1%, 14.3% and 10.3% respectively of the global total capacity, while Chinese enterprises occupy only 4.3%.

Globally, the production of carbon fiber is mostly dominated by PAN-based carbon fiber, the capacity of which in 2009 accounted for 96% or so of the global total capacity of carbon fiber. Japan’s Toray, Toho Tenax, and Mitsubishi Rayon are mainly engaged in the production of small-tow (≤24K) PAN-based carbon fiber, amounting to 70.5% of the global total capacity of small-tow carbon fiber in 2009; while America’s Zoltek mainly deals with large-tow (>24K) PAN-based carbon fiber and its capacity took 49.1% of the global total capacity of large-tow carbon fiber in 2009.

The entire market of pitch-based carbon fiber is not so big but rather centralized in production. Japan’s Kureha enjoyed the highest capacity of pitch-based carbon fiber by 1.45 kilotons in 2009, approximating 65% market share, followed by America’s Cytec of about 17.9%.

China has taken the industrialization of carbon fiber technology as a strategic task, however, the overall level is far behind that of the developed countries and the entire industry is still at the stage of initial development. Along with the breakthroughs in carbon fiber industrialized technologies, the successively released policies for carbon fiber industry development, and the stimulation of the huge gap between supply and demand in domestic market, China has launched a lot of research projects concerning carbon fiber and kiloton industrialization projects. Up to the end of 2009, China had formed the annual capacity of 7.81 kiloton PAN precursor and 3.31 kiloton carbon fiber, but the actual output of carbon fiber was just over 900 tons with the import dependency ratio as high as 83.9%.

Till June 2010, the capacity of carbon fiber projects planned to be built or under construction in China recorded 60 kilotons or so, hereinto, the capacity of the projects planned to go into operation at the end of 2010 (including those went into operation before June 2010) exceeded 7 kilotons. Nevertheless, only a small number of projects can successfully go into operation and realize stable production now that there is a lack of core industrialization technology with independent intellectual property rights in Chinese carbon fiber industry, but this heralds the development opportunity of the carbon fiber industry in China.

This report lays emphasis on the current development, supply & demand, competition pattern, price trend as well as the development trend of global and China carbon fiber industry. Moreover, it also casts light on the operation and development of 18 manufacturers worldwide such as Japan’s Toray, Toho Tenax, and Mitsubishi Rayon, America’s Zoltek, and China’s ZhongFu ShenYing.

Take Toray ranking world’s No.1 in terms of overall competitiveness of carbon fiber as an example. Its revenue of carbon fiber business mainly stems from aviation & spaceflight, industry and sports fields, occupying 44.2%, 36.7% and 19.1% respectively of the total revenue of carbon fiber business in FY2009. The economic crisis led to the postponed orders from aviation and sports fields for carbon fiber, and the revenue and operating profit of Toray’s carbon fiber business both plunged in FY2009, of which, the former fell to JPY50.7 billion, down 28% from the prior year, and the latter registered JPY6.2 billion, down 26.2% from a year earlier.

Along with the rapid recovery of global carbon fiber market, Toray accelerates to perform the carbon fiber prepreg supply contract with Boeing B787 and respectively signs carbon fiber supply contract with EADS (European Aeronautic Defense and Space Company, the parent company of Airbus SAS) and Daimler in 2010. Meanwhile, Toray is continuously expanding its capacity of carbon fiber in order to meet the market demand of carbon fiber for aviation and industry in the future. According to its schedule, the annual capacity of carbon fiber of Toray will hit 25 kilotons and the market share will reach 38% by the end of 2010. In addition, on April 22, 2010, Toray announced that it would take 11 years to fulfill the carbon fiber investment plan of KRW480 billion in South Korea via Toray Saehan, its subsidiary in South Korea.

Original Source: http://www.reportsandreports.com/reports/36112-global-and-china-carbon-fiber-industry-report-2009-2010.html

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ReportsandReports, comprising of an online library of 10,000 reports, in-depth market research studies of over 5000 micro markets, and 25 industry specific websites. ReportsandReports announce to have carry Global and China Carbon Fiber Industry Report, 2009-2010 Market Research Report in its store. Browse all our Market Research Reports details at ReportsandReports.com

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GlobalData, the leading business intelligence provider, has released its latest research study “Global Carbon Policy Handbook, 2010: Policies Driving the Growth of Carbon Trading Markets”, which is an offering from the company’s Energy Research Group. The report provides an in-depth analysis on the carbon policy initiatives by the European Union, the US, Canada, Australia and other developed and developing economies. It details the regional climate change initiatives, the Kyoto Protocol and its mechanisms. It also provides an analysis on Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Joint Implementation (JI) projects. The report provides an overview on various carbon registries, carbon exchanges and the major companies participating in the carbon trade. The report provides the latest information on the value, volume and price of the emissions traded in project-based mechanisms, such as CDM, JI and Secondary CDM, and allowance markets such as the European Union’s (EU) Emission Trading Scheme (ETS), New South Wales, Chicago Climate, Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) and Assigned Amount Units (AAUs). The report discusses some of the reasons for the growth of carbon markets and provides carbon market forecasts until 2020.

Scope

The report provides a detailed analysis on the global carbon policy initiatives driving the carbon trading markets. Its scope is as follows.
– Impact assessment of the carbon policies in the United States (US), the European Union (EU), Canada, Australia and Asia Pacific regions on the world carbon trading markets.
– Carbon trading value from 2010-2020, which help in identifying a market potential.
– Key carbon regulations and policies at regional level in the US and unified carbon regulatory framework in the EU and their impact on the growth of global carbon trading market.
– Analyzes the probable regional policy instruments in the US and Asia Pacific regions, which will drive the global carbon trading markets beyond 2012.
– Key carbon regulations and policies at regional level in the US and unified carbon regulatory framework in the EU and their impact on the growth of global carbon trading market.
– Analyzes the regional policy instruments in the US and Asia Pacific regions, which will drive the global carbon trading markets.
– Review of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects in the Asia Pacific and Sub-Saharan regions in 2009
– Details on various Kyoto mechanisms and helps in identifying potential markets by navigating the policy landscape worldwide from 2005-2012.
– Key data and information on the volume and market value of carbon allowances, covering both project-based transactions and allowance-based transactions from 2004-09.
– Historic pricing trends for carbon in various exchanges and project-based transactions from 2004-09.
– Analyzes market-based instruments such as certifications and standards used in carbon trading in 2009.
– Overview on investment firms, infrastructure and energy service providers, advisory companies, financial firms, brokerage firms, carbon solution providers and other auditing firms participating in carbon trade.

Reasons to buy

- The report will enhance your decision making capabilities in a rapid and time sensitive manner.
– Develop business strategies with the help of specific insights into policy decisions being taken on the carbon credits trade by EU 27, the US, Australia and other developed and emerging countries worldwide.
– Identify opportunities and challenges in exploiting carbon emission reduction projects worldwide.
– Understand the market positioning of carbon credits in correlation with carbon policies.
– Increase future revenue and profitability with the help of insights on the opportunities and critical success factors of the EU ETS in the carbon trading market.
– Benchmark your investments against the major players in the carbon trading markets.
– Be ahead of the competition by keeping yourself abreast with all of the latest policy changes on carbon mitigation globally.
– Plan your investments to minimize the impact of carbon taxes due to changing carbon policies.
– Plan your project locations and project types in order to capitalize on the growing carbon allowance market.
– Identify the most suitable geography to invest in emission reduction projects.
– Target the most suitable geography for emission reduction projects based on the policies to gain incentives.
– Develop custom strategies for different geographies based on the stringency of the carbon policy in the respective area.
– Navigate the carbon policies through detailed analysis of existing carbon allowance market dynamics and potential changes.
– Identify the most promising geography to invest in energy efficiency and renewable energy projects, in order to minimize carbon taxes.

1 Table of contents 4
1.1 List of Tables 6
1.2 List of Figures 7

2 Introduction 8
2.1 Overview 8
2.2 GlobalData Report Guidance 9

3 Greenhouse Gas Emissions and its Impact on Global Carbon Policies 10
3.1 Impact of GHGs on Ecology 10
3.1.1 Introduction to Global Warming 10
3.1.2 Illustrations of Ecological Imbalance due to Excess Carbon 10
3.2 Global Initiatives to Reduce Carbon Footprint 11
3.2.1 The Kyoto Protocol and its Implementation Challenges 11
3.2.2 Development of Natural and Artificial Carbon Sequestration Techniques, Energy Efficiency Projects and Renewables 11
3.2.3 Evolution of Carbon Trading Market 12

4 Global Carbon Policy Frameworks Boosting Emissions Trading Markets 13
4.1 Overview of Regulatory Framework for Emission Trading Systems 13
4.1.1 American Clean Energy and Security Act and its Implications 13
4.1.2 European Union’s Climate Change Policy 14
4.1.3 Climate Change Initiatives in Canada and Prospects for Emissions Trading 18
4.1.4 Australia’s Climate Change Initiatives will Aid the Emission Trading Mechanism 18
4.2 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 18
4.3 Kyoto Protocol, a Precursor of Emissions Trading Systems 18
4.3.1 Overview of Kyoto Protocol, Participating Nations 18
4.3.2 Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM) 21
4.3.3 Joint Implementation and Assigned Amount Units 40
4.3.4 Emission Trading 47
4.4 Increasing Role of International Emissions Trading and International Emissions Trading Association in Boosting the Market 48
4.4.1 Objectives of IETA 48
4.4.2 Program by IETA 48
4.5 Various Regulatory Frameworks and Regional Initiatives in the US 49
4.5.1 American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 50
4.5.2 Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative in the US 52
4.5.3 California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 AB 32 53
4.5.4 Western Climate Initiative 54
4.5.5 Midwestern Regional GHG Reduction Accord (MGGRA) 55
4.5.6 EPA Climate Leaders 55
4.5.7 Hawaii Global Warming Solutions Act of 2007 55
4.6 European Union Emissions Trading System Promotes Emissions Trading Market 55
4.6.1 EU ETS 56
4.6.2 Revised EU ETS 56
4.7 Japan’s Keidanren Voluntary Action Plan and Other Voluntary Markets 57
4.8 Emission Reduction Schemes of Australia 59
4.8.1 New South Wales Greenhouse Gas Abatement Scheme 59
4.8.2 Greenhouse Challenge Plus 59
4.8.3 Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme 59
4.9 Canadian Government’s Measures and Initiatives Drive Carbon Trading 60
4.10 Policies and Market Instruments Driving Carbon Trading Programs in Other Countries 61
4.10.1 Policy and Market Mechanisms in China 61
4.10.2 Policy and Market Mechanisms in South Korea 62
4.10.3 Policy and Market Mechanisms in New Zealand 62
4.10.4 Policy and Market Mechanisms in Russia 63
4.10.5 Policy and Market Mechanisms in Sub-Saharan 63
4.11 Impact of COP 15 on Carbon Policies and Emission Trading 64

5 Regional and Global Carbon Exchanges and Carbon Trading Markets 65
5.1 Increasing Role off Standard-Specific and Existing Registries 66
5.1.1 North American Markets 68
5.1.2 The Chicago Climate Exchange 69
5.1.3 European Union Emissions Trading System Market 71
5.1.4 The Australian Carbon Market 72
5.2 Project-Based Transactions by Region and Project Type 72
5.2.1 CDM and JI Buyers, Sellers and Over-the-Counter (OTC) Markets 73

6 Development of Certifications, Standards and Other Initiatives Facilitating Emissions Trading 76
6.1 American Carbon Registry Standard 77
6.2 The Climate Action Reserve Protocols 77
6.3 The CarbonFix Standard 77
6.4 Chicago Climate Exchange Offsets Program 78
6.5 Climate, Community, and Biodiversity Standards 78
6.6 EPA Climate Leaders Offset Guidance 78
6.7 Greenhouse Gas Services Standard 78
6.8 The Gold Standard 78
6.9 Greenhouse Friendly 79
6.10 ISO 14064 Standards 79
6.11 Plan Vivo 79
6.12 Social Carbon Standard 79
6.13 TUV NORD Climate Change Standard and VER+ Standard 79
6.14 Voluntary Carbon Standard 80

7 Competitive Landscape of Emission Trading Companies 81
7.1 3Degrees Incorporated 81
7.2 APX Incorporated 81
7.3 Baker & McKenzie 81
7.4 Blue Source 81
7.5 CantorCO2e 81
7.6 Climate Focus 82
7.7 Credit Suisse 82
7.8 EcoSecurities Group 82
7.9 Equator LLC 82
7.10 MGM International 82
7.11 Natsource 83
7.12 RNK Capital LLC 83
7.13 Sterling Planet, Incorporated 83
7.14 Tradition Financial Services/TFS

GBI Research’s report, “The Global Carbon Trading Market – Concepts, Regulations and Industry Trends to 2020″ provides an in-depth analysis on the global carbon trading market. The report provides the latest information on the value, volume and price of the emissions traded in primary project-based mechanisms such as Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), Joint Implementation (JI) and secondary CDM, and allowance markets such as the EU Emission Trading System (ETS), New South Wales Exchange, Chicago Climate Exchange, the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) and Assigned Amount Units (AAUs). The report provides a scenario-based forecast of the carbon market up to 2020. The report provides an overview on various carbon registries, carbon exchanges and the major companies participating in the carbon trade. The research work provides indispensable assessment of risk and opportunities for the corporate in the carbon constraint environment. Regulatory efforts to mitigate climate change have spawned an emerging carbon market that grew at compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 89% to reach 8.3 billion in 2009. The EU’s initiatives to build a broad, globally linked carbon market, the prospective US Federal cap-and-trade program and the strong emergence of other regional market trading mechanisms will drive the carbon market significantly beyond 2012.

Scope

Key market data on the volume and market value of carbon allowances, covering both project-based transactions and allowance-based transactions from 2004–2009.
Analysis on all global carbon market exchanges — the EU Emission Trading System (ETS), New South Wales Exchange, Chicago Climate Exchange, the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI), Australian Climate Exchange, World Green Exchange etc.
Historic pricing trends for carbon in various exchanges and project-based transactions from 2005–2009.
Forecasts of the global carbon trading market up to 2020 based on likely scenarios that might emerge in the future.
Impact assessment of key carbon regulations and policies and their impact on the growth of global carbon trading market.
Analyzes market-based instruments such as certifications and standards used in carbon trading in 2009.
Overview on investment firms, infrastructure and energy service providers, advisory companies, financial firms, brokerage firms, carbon solution providers and other auditing firms participating in carbon trade.
Key emission trading companies covered include 3 Degrees Incorporated, APX Incorporated, Baker & McKenzie, Blue Source, CantorCO2e, Climate Focus and Credit Suisse
Assessment of risk and opportunities for the corporate in the carbon constraint environment

Reasons to buy

Navigate the carbon emission market landscape through detailed analysis of the current carbon market dynamics and potential changes
Identify the most promising geography to invest in energy efficiency and renewable energy projects, in order to minimize carbon taxes.
Identify the most promising geography to invest in the unconventional and renewable energy sectors to minimize carbon taxes.
Develop custom strategies for different geographies based on the stringency of the carbon policy in the respective geography.
Develop business strategies with the help of specific insights into policy decisions being taken on the carbon credits trade by EU 27, the US, Australia and other developed and emerging countries worldwide.
Identify risks associated with tightening carbon emission cap and transform them into opportunities for future growth.

1 Table of Contents 6

1.1 List of Tables 8
1.2 List of Figures 9

2 Introduction 10

2.1 Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions and Their Impact on Global Carbon Trading Markets 10 2.1.1 Impact of Greenhouse Gases on Ecology 10
2.1.2 Naturally Occurring Carbon Cycle 11
2.1.3 Global Initiatives to Reduce Carbon Footprint 12

3 Origins of Carbon Trading Market and Exchanges 14

3.1 Evolution of Carbon Trading Market 14
3.2 Global and Regional Carbon Exchanges 15

4 Kyoto Protocol, a Precursor of Emissions Trading Systems 17

4.1 Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM) 19 4.1.1 CDM Project Activity Cycle 20
4.1.2 Joint Implementation (JI) and Assigned Amount Unit (AAU) 20
4.1.3 Emission Trading 28

5 Global Carbon Trading Market: Dynamics and Statistics 29

5.1 Global Carbon Trading Market Overview 29
5.2 Global Allowance Markets 31 5.2.1 The EU Emission Trading Scheme: Still the Most Prominent Carbon Market 32
5.2.2 The US Market 33
5.2.3 The Australian Market 35

5.3 Global Project-based Market 36 5.3.1 Primary Project-based Market 37
5.3.2 Secondary Project-based Market 56

5.4 Post 2012 Market Uncertainty: Scenario Based Forecast to 2020 57 5.4.1 Linear Growth: Moderate Market with Current Programs and Policies 57
5.4.2 Scaling Up: Implementation of US Cap-and-Trade Program and EU Integrated Systems 59
5.4.3 Global Reach: Collaboration of EU, the US and Developing Nations 61

6 Global Carbon Credits Market Policy Framework Facilitating Emissions Trading 63

6.1 Overview of Regulatory Framework for Emission Trading Systems 63 6.1.1 American Clean Energy and Security Act and its Implications 63
6.1.2 European Union’s Climate Change Policy 64
6.1.3 Climate Change Initiatives in Canada and Prospects for Emissions Trading 67
6.1.4 Australia’s Climate Change Initiatives will Aid the Emission Trading Mechanism 67

6.2 Increasing Role of International Emissions Trading and International Emissions Trading Association (IETA) in Boosting the Market 68 6.2.1 Objectives of IETA 68
6.2.2 Programs by IETA 68

6.3 Various Regulatory Frameworks and Regional Initiatives in the US 69 6.3.1 American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 70
6.3.2 Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) in the US 71
6.3.3 California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 AB 32 73
6.3.4 Western Climate Initiative (WCI) 73
6.3.5 Midwestern Regional GHG Reduction Accord (MGGRA) 74
6.3.6 EPA Climate Leaders 74
6.3.7 Hawaii Global Warming Solutions Act of 2007 74
6.4 European Union Emissions Trading System Promotes Emissions Trading Market 75
6.4.1 EU ETS 75
6.4.2 Revised EU ETS 75

6.5 Japan’s Keidanren Voluntary Action Plan and Other Voluntary Markets 77
6.6 Emission Reduction Schemes of Australia 78 6.6.1 New South Wales Greenhouse Gas Abatement Scheme 78
6.6.2 Greenhouse Challenge Plus 78
6.6.3 Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme 78

6.7 Canadian Government’s Measures and Initiatives Drive Carbon Trading 79
6.8 Global Carbon Credits Standards 79 6.8.1 American Carbon Registry Standard 80
6.8.2 The Climate Action Reserve Protocols 81
6.8.3 The CarbonFix Standard 81
6.8.4 Chicago Climate Exchange Offsets Program 81
6.8.5 Climate, Community, and Biodiversity Standards 81
6.8.6 EPA Climate Leaders Offset Guidance 81
6.8.7 Greenhouse Gas Services Standard 81
6.8.8 The Gold Standard 82
6.8.9 Greenhouse Friendly 82
6.8.10 ISO 14064 Standards 82
6.8.11 Plan Vivo 82
6.8.12 Social Carbon Standard 82
6.8.13 TUV NORD Climate Change Standard and VER+ Standard 82
6.8.14 Voluntary Carbon Standard 83

7 Competitive Landscape of Emission Trading Companies 84

7.1 3 Degrees Incorporated 84
7.2 APX Incorporated 84
7.3 Baker & McKenzie 84
7.4 Blue Source 84
7.5 CantorCO2e 84
7.6 Climate Focus 85
7.7 Credit Suisse 85
7.8 EcoSecurities Group 85
7.9 Equator LLC 85
7.10 MGM International 85
7.11 Natsource 85
7.12 RNK Capital LLC 86
7.13 Sterling Planet, Incorporated 86
7.14 Tradition Financial Services/TFS Energy/TFS Green 86
7.15 TUV SUD America 86

8 Corporate Sustainability in a Changing Landscape 87

8.1 Carbon Exposure Risks 87
8.2 Carbon Exposure Opportunities 88
8.3 Carbon Emission Intensity by Sector 88
8.4 Companies are Expanding the Horizons of Sustainability Practices — New Initiatives in Carbon Sustainability 89 8.4.1 Chevron Corporation — Multifaceted Response to Climate Change 89
8.4.2 Walmart Stores, Inc. — Sustainability Mandate throughout the Supply Chain 91
8.4.3 General Electric Co. — Ecomagination Initiative, Revenue Opportunities from Climate Change Solutions 92

9 Appendix 94

9.1 About GBI Research 94
9.2 Abbreviations 94
9.3 Methodology 96 9.3.1 Coverage 97
9.3.2 Secondary Research 97
9.3.3 Primary Research 97
9.3.4 Expert Panel Validation 98

9.4 Contact Us 98
9.5 Disclaimer 98

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Scientists have estimated that every day, an average person inhales about 20,000 liters of air.  Every time we breathe, we risk inhaling dangerous chemicals that have found their way into the air. Air pollution includes all contaminants found in the atmosphere.  These dangerous substances can be either in the form of gases or particles. Air pollution can be found both outdoors and indoors.  Pollutants can be trapped inside buildings, causing indoor pollution that lasts for a long time. The sources of air pollution are both natural and human-based.  As one might expect, humans have been producing increasing amounts of pollutants as time has progressed, and they now account for the majority of pollutants released into the air.

Air pollution has been a problem throughout history.  Even in Ancient Rome people complained about smoke put into the atmosphere. The effects of air pollution are diverse and numerous.  Air pollution can have serious consequences for the health of human beings, and also severely affects natural ecosystems. Because it is located in the atmosphere, air pollution is able to travel far off places easily.  As a result, air pollution is a global problem and has been the subject of both global cooperation and conflict. Some areas now suffer more than others from air pollution.  Cities with large numbers of automobiles or those that use great quantities of coal often suffer most severely from problems of air pollution.

 Ancient Greek and Roman thoughts began the environmental sciences.  Major philosophers advanced differing views that affected others and shield their views for years to come. The early Greeks searched for a reasonable understanding of nature.  The ideas they developed influenced Europe in the future. Thales of Miletus, the founder of the Ionian school, was the initiator of Greek philosophy on the environmental sciences.  The Ionian school hoped to discover the nature of the universe, and how it came about.  According to Thales, everything was composed of water and the combination of the sun and water was the source of life.

Empedocles (c.493-c.433 BC) argued that the universe was composed of four elements: earth, air, fire, and water, which combined in different ways and proportions to produce different results and products. In his Memorabilia, the Greek writer, Xenophon (c.428-c.354 BC) contends that the planet earth exists for people and the climate of the earth, and the living creatures on it, are for the benefit of humanity.  Xenophon says ‘The earth was created by a god for people.’ His work later influenced Christianity. In Rome, Cicero (106-43 BC) wrote that nature should be controlled by humans.  According to him the earth was designed for humanity, as was each different species. 

In respect of the theory of the four elements, the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322 BC) added a fifth one: the heavens.  After breaking with Plato (429-347 BC), Aristotle thoroughly investigated the natural world.  He thought that the earth could be divided into sections defined by the amount of heat each received, and that people could only live in the more inhabitable areas. Aristotle accepted the theory that underground wind caused volcanoes and earthquakes.  He understood the origins of rivers and believed in a pattern of rainfall. Teleology, which explained things in terms of their purpose, was a major part of Aristotle’s theory.  It caused him to heavily research reproduction. Aristotle’s Historian Animalium details over 500 species, examining common characteristics between the species. Throughout the ancient periods, interest in botany grew because of its relation to medicine.  Many philosophers advanced varying theories that would affect Europe in later years.

Today, there are a vast number of environmental problems, all with unique causes and consequences.  Some people have said that Christianity is one of the primary causes of the degradation of the environment. Lynn White has said that the modern destruction of the environment can be attributed to Christianity. According to White the Biblical belief that nature, seen as inferior to people, can be controlled by man, has brought a lack of respect for the sacredness of the environment. White would also argue that Christianity is greatly responsible for the advent of Western science and technology.  Modern technology has clearly been one of the main sources of environmental difficulties.

The Judeo-Christian notion of nature is that it is not sacred like God.  Man, however, is believed by this group to be made in God’s image, and can therefore shape nature as God would. There are some who would disagree with this application of Christianity.  Those who believe in “stewardship” would say that people must respect and not destroy nature, not overexploit natural resources, and allow other animals to live in nature as well. Many important theological thinkers would agree with this version of Christianity.  Calvin said that man is the steward of God’s earth, and has no right to exploit and destroy it.  Also, St. Thomas Aquinas said that man had some responsibility towards animals. Christianity also favors the environment in some respects.  To the benefit of the environment, the religion encourages caring for other people, including those of the future, and some level of respect for the environment.

There are many different chemical substances that contribute to air pollution.  These chemicals come from a variety of sources. Among the many types of air pollutants are nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxides, and organic compounds that can evaporate and enter the atmosphere. Air pollutants have sources that are both natural and human.  Now, humans contribute substantially more to the air pollution problem. Forest fires, volcanic eruptions, wind erosion, pollen dispersal, evaporation of organic compounds, and natural radioactivity are all among the natural causes of air pollution.

Usually, natural air pollution does not occur in abundance in particular locations.  The pollution is spread around throughout the world, and as a result, poses many threats. Though some pollution comes from these natural sources, most pollution is the result of human activity.  The biggest causes are the use of fuels in power plants and automobiles that combust fuel.  Combined, these two sources are responsible for about 90% of all air pollution in the United States. Some cities suffer severely because of heavy industrial use of chemicals that cause air pollution.  Places like Mexico City and Sao Paulo have some of the most deadly pollution levels in the world.

Air pollution is responsible for major health effects.  Every year, the health of countless people is ruined or endangered by air pollution. Many different chemicals in the air affect the human body in negative and destructive ways.  Just how sick people will get depends on what chemicals they are exposed to, in what concentrations, and for how long. Studies have estimated that the number of people killed annually in the US alone due to environmental pollution-related diseases could be over 50,000. Older people are highly vulnerable to diseases induced by air pollution.  Those with heart or lung disorders are under additional risk.  Children and infants are also at serious risk. Because people are exposed to so many potentially dangerous pollutants, it is often hard to know exactly which pollutants are responsible for causing sickness.  Also, because a mixture of different pollutants can intensify sickness, it is often difficult to isolate those pollutants that are at fault.

Many diseases could be caused by air pollution without their becoming apparent for a long time.  Diseases such as bronchitis, lung cancer, and heart disease may all eventually appear in people exposed to air pollution. Air pollutants such as ozone, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide also have harmful effects on vital systems.  They can kill plants and trees by destroying their leaves, and can kill animals, especially fish in highly polluted rivers. Air pollution has many disastrous effects that need to be checked and curbed prudently.  In order to accomplish this, scientists, environmentalists, and governments, are using or testing a variety of methods aimed at reducing pollution. There are two main types of pollution control. Input control involves preventing a problem before it occurs, or at least limiting the effects the process will produce. Five major input control methods exist. 

Output control, the opposite method, seeks to fix the problems caused by air pollution.  This usually means cleaning up an area that has been damaged by pollution. Input controls are usually more effective than output controls.  Output controls are also more expensive, making them less desirable to tax payers and polluting industries. Current air pollution control efforts are not all highly effective.  In wealthier countries, industries are often able to shift to methods that decrease air pollution.  In the United States, for example, air pollution control laws have been successful in stopping air pollution levels from rising.  However, in developing countries and even in countries where pollution is strictly regulated, much more needs to be done.

Over the past years, human energy consumption has risen dramatically.  The rise in use of energy resources has meant increasing costs and the depletion of non-renewable supplies.  These and other factors have led people to try to use energy in a more efficient manner. The First Law of Thermodynamics says that energy can be transferred between forms, but not created or destroyed.  The Second Law of Thermodynamics says that usage of heat to perform work inevitably causes some heat to be lost to the surrounding environment.  As a result, perfect efficiency in

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This report is the most comprehensive treatment of the biofuels market available. Worldwide data is provided on biorefineries, conversion and separation technologies, manufacturing, research and development, organic biofuels, consumption, capacity, components and competition.

This report delves into the global efforts to develop technologies that improve the refining processes associated with many different types of biofuels and its growing consumption among nations throughout the next few decades.

Biofuel is expected to become a major renewable resource to produce fuel, electricity, heat, and other sources of power. To compete with other energy types will require development and implementation of an enhanced biorefinery process that minimizes its impact on local environments. Developing sustainable fractionation and separation technologies will be a key factor for the success of refining biomasses into renewable energy.

Biorefinery technology differs from traditional oil based refinery technology because it will be mainly water-based. Today’s biofuels involve either ethanol or diesel, with the former accounting for roughly 90 percent of the market. Brazil, the United States, and China are the greatest producers. More than half of the world’s bioethanol is generated from sugar cane; the rest comes mainly from corn. Biodiesel is mostly derived from rapeseed and sunflower.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1: Executive Summary
Outlook for Biofuel Consumption
External Factors Affect Growth of Biofuels
Food Prices Fuel Biomass Debate
United States Remains Hotbed of Biomass Activity
Biofuel Technology Research
Global Market Values
Manufacturing, by Country, 2009 and 2014 (in $ millions)
Shipments of Organic Biomass Feedstocks
Imports of Organic Biomass
U.S. Shipments of Biomass Conversion Technology Components
U.S. Backs Biofuel Innovations
Federal Funding Fuels Innovation
Innovations in Biorefineries
Innovations in Biofuel Processing
Biofuel Energy Policy Fuels Debate
Biofuel’s Effect on Food Prices
Biofuels Lobbying Efforts
Global Policies toward Biofuels
Market Value Forecast Through 2014

Chapter 2: Introduction and Overview
Report Scope
Methodology
Terminology
Future Biomass Conversion Technologies
First- and Second-Generation Liquid Biofuels
Ethanol Production Processes
Biomass Feedstocks

Chapter 3: World Bioenergy Activities & Technologies
External Factors Affect Growth of Biofuels
Food Prices Fuel Biomass Debate
United States Remains Hotbed of Biomass Activity
Biofuel Technology Research
Reduction of Greenhouse Gases

Chapter 4: World Biomass Market Trends
Shipments of Organic Biomass Feedstocks
Manufacturing, 2004 and 2009 (in $ thousands)
Biodiesel Trade Market in Flux
Imports of Organic Biomass
U.S. Shipments of Biomass Conversion Technology Components
Imports of Technology Components
Biomass Conversion Technology Exports
Market Value Forecast Through 2014

Chapter 5: Manufacturer Profiles
Archer Daniels Midland (ADM)
Bunge
CHS
Royal Dutch Shell
Foster Wheeler
Wilmar
Tenaska

Chapter 6: Innovations in Biofuel Technology
U.S. Backs Biofuel Innovations
Diversity of Cellulosic Feedstocks
Federal Funding Fuels Innovation
DOE Funds Advanced Biofuels Projects
Innovations in Biorefineries
Whole Crop Biorefineries
Ligno Cellulosic Feedstock Biorefineries (LCFBR)
Green Biorefineries
Two Platform Concept Biorefinery (TPCBR)
Marine Biorefinery (MBR)
Thermo Chemical Biorefinery (TCBR)
Innovations in Biofuel Processing
Advances in Ethanol Separation Technologies
Germ and Fiber Separation
Enzymatic Dry Milling
Dry Fractionation
Ammonia Process in the Wet Mill
Continuous Membrane Reactor for Starch Hydrolysis
Alkali Wet Milling
High-Gravity Fermentation
Improved Yeast
Conversion of Pentose Sugars to Ethanol
Enzymes for Liquefaction and Saccharification
Enzymes to Reduce Sulfur Dioxide
Distillation Technology
Control Systems
Environmental Technologies
Biodiesel Derived From Tallow

Chapter 7: Consumers of Biofuels
Biofuel Energy Policy Fuels Debate
Feedstock Implications
Legislation Favors E85 Production
Biofuel’s Effect on Food Prices
Studies Point to Ethanol’s Effect on Food Prices
Biofuels Lobbying Efforts
Global Policies Toward Biofuels
European Union Changes Biofuel Composition
Japan Continues Import Strategy
India Ethanol Blends Fluctuate
China Steps Up Corn Ethanol Production