Lite Initiatives

Posts Tagged ‘Industry’

Biofuels may be defined as any fuel obtained from biomass. Biomass is material derived from plants and animals. Experts and environmentalists feel that we need to make changes in our manner of living so that we can protect the planet from global warming. Switching to biofuels for the transportation industry can be one such change.

Some of the Biofuels include vegetable oil, biodiesel, biogas and bioalcohol. Vegetable oil is used to manufacture biodiesel which can be used in cars. Biodiesel is generated through a process known as transesterification by using oils and fats. Today, this is the most commonly used biofuel in the world. Bioalcohols like ethanol fuel and butanol are produced by fermentation of sugars and starch. Biodiesel is a source of renewable energy, since it is plant based. It is a green fuel as it does not release toxic gases in the atmosphere.

Biodiesel can be used in any diesel engine, mixed with the normal diesel. Biobutanol which is also called biogasoline can be used directly in a vehicle as a replacement for gasoline. Biofuels are beneficial to the environment as they reduce greenhouse gas emissions, reduce our dependence on fossil fuel, increase national energy security, increase rural development and provide a sustainable fuel supply for the future.

Many environmental groups are supporting the use of biofuels since they see it as a significant step towards slowing down climate change. Many countries which are beginning to recognise the importance of bioenergy have dedicated facilities for research, development and deployment. There is exchange of information and co-operation among the nations who realize the importance of reaping the benefits of biofuels.

At present there are a few problems associated with the use of biofuels, one of them being the high cost of production. Another point of note is the extensive deforestation due to the use of wood as a source of biomass, and the negative impact it will have on the environment. There are other issues with bio diesel fuel relating to the transport industry, as it does not perform well in cold climates. The wax crystals formed may clog fuel lines of the vehicles. So vehicles may still have to be powered by gasoline in cold climates unless future research can overcome these problems.

In future however, biofuels should become cost effective, affordable, abundant and eco-friendly. This is a challenge for the scientists and hopefully, with the amount of research being done in the field of biotechnology, the world will get an abundant source of alternative energy. Once the stocks of fossil fuels deplete, and the price of oil rises to unprecedented levels, there will be tremendous pressure to look for alternatives. Biofuels can then be used as an alternative source of energy for powering your cars,boilers and engines as also providing heat and electricity to your homes.

Incoming search terms:

• oils and fats today (1)

According to our research report “Global Biofuel Market Analysis”, the biofuel industry has substantially grown across the world on the back of strong demand (both ethanol and biodiesel) for road transport. We have also found that governments of both the developing and developed nations are supporting biofuel developments for the diversification of energy sources and the improvement of environment. Thus, the global ethanol and biodiesel production is expected to grow at a CAGR around 5% and 4% respectively between 2010 and 2019.

The report has examined the biofuel industry at the regional level. The Americas (US, Canada and Brazil) dominate the global ethanol market and accounts for around 90% of the world total ethanol production. However, the EU has a strong foothold on the biodiesel market and accounts for over two-third of the total biodiesel production in the world.

Our report gives a deep insight into the trends prevailing in different regions of the world. Apart from the Americas and EU, we have also covered the Asia-Pacific biofuel market. India and China are the emerging biofuel markets both in terms of production and consumption.

“Global Biofuel Market Analysis” provides an extensive research and rational analysis of the global biofuel market. The report contains thoroughly analyzes current market trends in both developed and emerging economies in context of statistical data. The report also covers the government initiatives which help to increase demand for biofuel. 

We have also provided the industry forecast based on correlation of past drivers, challenges and opportunities for expansion. The report includes forecast analysis of ethanol production and consumption as well as biodiesel production and consumption. We have studied the cost involved in biofuel production for major biofuel producers worldwide. 

For FREE SAMPLE of this report visit: http://www.rncos.com/Report/IM098.htm

Check DISCOUNTED REPORTS on: http://www.rncos.com/

Currently, the technology and production of carbon fiber worldwide is still under the control of Japan and the USA owing to the complicated production process, high technical content, and the politically restricted introduction of technologies and equipment. There are now less than 20 countries and regions that can realize the industrialization of carbon fiber and no more than 12 enterprises that are capable of mass-production around the globe. Toray (Japan), Toho Tenax (Japan), Zoltek (USA), and Mitsubishi Rayon (Japan) rank the global Top 4 manufacturers by the capacity of carbon fiber, accounting for 23.4%, 17.1%, 14.3% and 10.3% respectively of the global total capacity, while Chinese enterprises occupy only 4.3%.

Capacity Percentage of Carbon Fiber Manufacturers Worldwide, 2009 (Based on the Capacity of Carbon Fiber Tow)

 
Source: ResearchInChina

Globally, the production of carbon fiber is mostly dominated by PAN-based carbon fiber, the capacity of which in 2009 accounted for 96% or so of the global total capacity of carbon fiber. Japan’s Toray, Toho Tenax, and Mitsubishi Rayon are mainly engaged in the production of small-tow (≤24K) PAN-based carbon fiber, amounting to 70.5% of the global total capacity of small-tow carbon fiber in 2009; while America’s Zoltek mainly deals with large-tow (>24K) PAN-based carbon fiber and its capacity took 49.1% of the global total capacity of large-tow carbon fiber in 2009.

The entire market of pitch-based carbon fiber is not so big but rather centralized in production. Japan’s Kureha enjoyed the highest capacity of pitch-based carbon fiber by 1.45 kilotons in 2009, approximating 65% market share, followed by America’s Cytec of about 17.9%.

China has taken the industrialization of carbon fiber technology as a strategic task, however, the overall level is far behind that of the developed countries and the entire industry is still at the stage of initial development. Along with the breakthroughs in carbon fiber industrialized technologies, the successively released policies for carbon fiber industry development, and the stimulation of the huge gap between supply and demand in domestic market, China has launched a lot of research projects concerning carbon fiber and kiloton industrialization projects. Up to the end of 2009, China had formed the annual capacity of 7.81 kiloton PAN precursor and 3.31 kiloton carbon fiber, but the actual output of carbon fiber was just over 900 tons with the import dependency ratio as high as 83.9%.

Till June 2010, the capacity of carbon fiber projects planned to be built or under construction in China recorded 60 kilotons or so, hereinto, the capacity of the projects planned to go into operation at the end of 2010 (including those went into operation before June 2010) exceeded 7 kilotons. Nevertheless, only a small number of projects can successfully go into operation and realize stable production now that there is a lack of core industrialization technology with independent intellectual property rights in Chinese carbon fiber industry, but this heralds the development opportunity of the carbon fiber industry in China.  

This report lays emphasis on the current development, supply & demand, competition pattern, price trend as well as the development trend of global and China carbon fiber industry. Moreover, it also casts light on the operation and development of 18 manufacturers worldwide such as Japan’s Toray, Toho Tenax, and Mitsubishi Rayon, America’s Zoltek, and China’s ZhongFu ShenYing.  

Take Toray ranking world’s No.1 in terms of overall competitiveness of carbon fiber as an example. Its revenue of carbon fiber business mainly stems from aviation & spaceflight, industry and sports fields, occupying 44.2%, 36.7% and 19.1% respectively of the total revenue of carbon fiber business in FY2009. The economic crisis led to the postponed orders from aviation and sports fields for carbon fiber, and the revenue and operating profit of Toray’s carbon fiber business both plunged in FY2009, of which, the former fell to JPY50.7 billion, down 28% from the prior year, and the latter registered JPY6.2 billion, down 26.2% from a year earlier.

Revenue and Operating Profit of Toray’s Carbon Fiber Business, FY2008-FY2009 (Unit: JPY bn)

 
Source: Annals of Toray, ResearchInChina

Along with the rapid recovery of global carbon fiber market, Toray accelerates to perform the carbon fiber prepreg supply contract with Boeing B787 and respectively signs carbon fiber supply contract with EADS (European Aeronautic Defense and Space Company, the parent company of Airbus SAS) and Daimler in 2010. Meanwhile, Toray is continuously expanding its capacity of carbon fiber in order to meet the market demand of carbon fiber for aviation and industry in the future. According to its schedule, the annual capacity of carbon fiber of Toray will hit 25 kilotons and the market share will reach 38% by the end of 2010. In addition, on April 22, 2010, Toray announced that it would take 11 years to fulfill the carbon fiber investment plan of KRW480 billion in South Korea via Toray Saehan, its subsidiary in South Korea.

For details of this report please visit http://www.researchinchina.com/Htmls/Report/2010/5939.html.

Currently, the technology and production of carbon fiber worldwide is still under the control of Japan and the USA owing to the complicated production process, high technical content, and the politically restricted introduction of technologies and equipment. There are now less than 20 countries and regions that can realize the industrialization of carbon fiber and no more than 12 enterprises that are capable of mass-production around the globe. Toray (Japan), Toho Tenax (Japan), Zoltek (USA), and Mitsubishi Rayon (Japan) rank the global Top 4 manufacturers by the capacity of carbon fiber, accounting for 23.4%, 17.1%, 14.3% and 10.3% respectively of the global total capacity, while Chinese enterprises occupy only 4.3%.

Globally, the production of carbon fiber is mostly dominated by PAN-based carbon fiber, the capacity of which in 2009 accounted for 96% or so of the global total capacity of carbon fiber. Japan’s Toray, Toho Tenax, and Mitsubishi Rayon are mainly engaged in the production of small-tow (≤24K) PAN-based carbon fiber, amounting to 70.5% of the global total capacity of small-tow carbon fiber in 2009; while America’s Zoltek mainly deals with large-tow (>24K) PAN-based carbon fiber and its capacity took 49.1% of the global total capacity of large-tow carbon fiber in 2009.

The entire market of pitch-based carbon fiber is not so big but rather centralized in production. Japan’s Kureha enjoyed the highest capacity of pitch-based carbon fiber by 1.45 kilotons in 2009, approximating 65% market share, followed by America’s Cytec of about 17.9%.

China has taken the industrialization of carbon fiber technology as a strategic task, however, the overall level is far behind that of the developed countries and the entire industry is still at the stage of initial development. Along with the breakthroughs in carbon fiber industrialized technologies, the successively released policies for carbon fiber industry development, and the stimulation of the huge gap between supply and demand in domestic market, China has launched a lot of research projects concerning carbon fiber and kiloton industrialization projects. Up to the end of 2009, China had formed the annual capacity of 7.81 kiloton PAN precursor and 3.31 kiloton carbon fiber, but the actual output of carbon fiber was just over 900 tons with the import dependency ratio as high as 83.9%.

Till June 2010, the capacity of carbon fiber projects planned to be built or under construction in China recorded 60 kilotons or so, hereinto, the capacity of the projects planned to go into operation at the end of 2010 (including those went into operation before June 2010) exceeded 7 kilotons. Nevertheless, only a small number of projects can successfully go into operation and realize stable production now that there is a lack of core industrialization technology with independent intellectual property rights in Chinese carbon fiber industry, but this heralds the development opportunity of the carbon fiber industry in China.

This report lays emphasis on the current development, supply & demand, competition pattern, price trend as well as the development trend of global and China carbon fiber industry. Moreover, it also casts light on the operation and development of 18 manufacturers worldwide such as Japan’s Toray, Toho Tenax, and Mitsubishi Rayon, America’s Zoltek, and China’s ZhongFu ShenYing.

Take Toray ranking world’s No.1 in terms of overall competitiveness of carbon fiber as an example. Its revenue of carbon fiber business mainly stems from aviation & spaceflight, industry and sports fields, occupying 44.2%, 36.7% and 19.1% respectively of the total revenue of carbon fiber business in FY2009. The economic crisis led to the postponed orders from aviation and sports fields for carbon fiber, and the revenue and operating profit of Toray’s carbon fiber business both plunged in FY2009, of which, the former fell to JPY50.7 billion, down 28% from the prior year, and the latter registered JPY6.2 billion, down 26.2% from a year earlier.

Along with the rapid recovery of global carbon fiber market, Toray accelerates to perform the carbon fiber prepreg supply contract with Boeing B787 and respectively signs carbon fiber supply contract with EADS (European Aeronautic Defense and Space Company, the parent company of Airbus SAS) and Daimler in 2010. Meanwhile, Toray is continuously expanding its capacity of carbon fiber in order to meet the market demand of carbon fiber for aviation and industry in the future. According to its schedule, the annual capacity of carbon fiber of Toray will hit 25 kilotons and the market share will reach 38% by the end of 2010. In addition, on April 22, 2010, Toray announced that it would take 11 years to fulfill the carbon fiber investment plan of KRW480 billion in South Korea via Toray Saehan, its subsidiary in South Korea.

Original Source: http://www.reportsandreports.com/reports/36112-global-and-china-carbon-fiber-industry-report-2009-2010.html

Buy Now: http://www.reportsandreports.com/

Browse all http://www.reportsandreports.com/reports/36112-global-and-china-carbon-fiber-industry-report-2009-2010.html

ReportsandReports, comprising of an online library of 10,000 reports, in-depth market research studies of over 5000 micro markets, and 25 industry specific websites. ReportsandReports announce to have carry Global and China Carbon Fiber Industry Report, 2009-2010 Market Research Report in its store. Browse all our Market Research Reports details at ReportsandReports.com

Incoming search terms:

• china carbon fiber industry report (1)

Sample Essay

Words 1,396

Globalisation is considered to be the amalgamation of countries, markets and skills in such a way that both individuals and corporations reach other people in a more profound and faster way than ever before. It has also led to a transformation of trade, finance and socio-cultural foundations countries worldwide so that today they more interdependent and closer to each other than ever before. And where products are more homogenised and standardised on a global scale (Levitt, 1984). The article, “Blond and Blue-eyed? Globalizing Beauty” by Geoffrey Jones, (2008) traces the growth of beauty or cosmetics industry from its humble beginning to a truly globalised industry, with different sectors catering to different needs of consumers around the world. Jones (2008) details evolution of beauty industry and discusses the drivers and obstacles of international expansion and also the strategy adopted by different organisations to expand internationally.

Jones (2008) in his article details several drivers which led to beauty industry’s evolution from a minor industry to a global sector. Following are the drivers mentioned in the article:

Emergence of United States as world’s largest homogenised market
Positive relationship between standard of living and use of toiletries
Positive impact of Increase in disposable income and market growth
Global appeal of American cinema and International travel effect of American Culture Value
Economies of scale and high margins for “prestige products” and first mover’s advantage

Similarly he has pointed out several major obstacles to globalisation:

Difference in consumer preferences and difference consumption patterns
Problems with marketing and distribution; restrictions on advertisements
Difference in human physiology of different locations
Difference in governmental  regulations in different countries

Incoming search terms:

• beauty products industry (3)
• beauty industry globalisation (2)
• beauty industry essay (1)
• globalisation in industry (1)
• problems with sustainable development (1)

Globalization:
There is no specific term as to the meaning of Globalization (G11N ). Different dictionaries give different meaning of the word ‘globalization’. However the term globalization is used in many contexts referring to particular industry. In the business and financial context it would mean that the increase of trade around the world, especially by large companies producing and trading goods in many different countries or a Tendency toward a worldwide investment environment, and the integration of national capital markets .
IMF defines globalization as ‘the process through which an increasingly free flow of ideas, people, goods, services, and capital leads to the integration of economies and societies. Major factors in the spread of globalization have been increased trade liberalization and advances in communication technology’ .

Globalization (globalisation) describes an ongoing process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a globe-spanning network of communication and execution.
In general globalization is the a governmental policy favoring free trade, open borders, the free movement of capital and goods (but not always of people), elimination of tariffs and price controls (including artificial control of currency values), and the privatization of publicly-owned or controlled enterprises
Factors that have contributed to globalization include increasingly sophisticated communications and transportation technologies and services, mass migration and the movement of peoples, a level of economic activity that has outgrown national markets through industrial combinations and commercial groupings that cross national frontiers and international agreements that reduce the cost of doing business in foreign countries. Globalization offers huge potential profits to companies and nations but has been complicated by widely differing expectations, standards of living, cultures and values, and legal systems as well as unexpected global cause-and-effect linkages. See also free trade .

Today, it has become possible that setting up of manufacturing units in the country where the labor is cheap and selling the goods all over the world. There also a growth in the services sector.
Although world globalization is popularly used today , elements of globalization can be found when the companies started to operate in many countries- elements dates back to 17th century where the companies like British East India company (founded in 1600) and Dutch East India company started to operate.
Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie or VOC in Dutch, literally “United East Indies Company”) which was founded in 1602 was the World’s First Multinational Corporation to be owned by investors through the issuance of stock equity It was also the first MNC to start a stock exchange in Amsterdam in 1602 .
However modern globalization began when great depression in the international trade took place in 1930s and various countries imposed import restrictions for safeguarding their economies. The USA made many proposals for extending international trade & employment. In 1947, 23 countries signed an agreement (GATT- general agreement on tariffs & trade) related to tariffs imposed on trade.
On 1st January 1995, the WTO replaced GATT, which had been in existence since 1947, as the organization overseeing the multilateral trading system. Upon signing the new WTO Agreements, members of GATT became the WTO members.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) which consists of 153 member nations deals with the rules of trade between nations at a global or near-global level. WTO is an organization for liberalizing trade, a forum for governments to negotiate trade agreements, and a place for WTO members to settle trade disputes.
Today’s Globalization is the result of WTO, fair treatment and the non discrimination is the main principals of WTO.

Globalization of Legal Industry:
Globalisation of legal Industry refers to the opening of legal market/industry in the country to the other nations so that they can set up law firm and offer consultancy services, practice law.etc

Globalization of Law:
Todays modern law passed by the countries in relation with the business, Intellectual properties, corporate law, banking, Internet law reflects the laws of many nations. Amendement to the these laws are carried out to accommodate such changes.
Legal education today is shifting from traditional methods of teaching to more innovative approaches. As we see in many country law schools the law subjects are similar to the other countries as to the basics of law, jurisprudence.
There is also an International law which governs the International Treaties, agreements. Intrnational law today is weak in context of enforcement,compared to the domestic law. As the nations are members of United Nations, sanctioning countries in violition with the International Law lies with the Security council.

Globalization of Legal Profession:
The history of legal profession dates back to the ancient Greece and Rome. Earlier the individuals were supposed to plead their own cases, which was soon bypassed by the increasing tendency of individuals to ask a “friend” for assistance. However, around the middle of the fourth century, the Athenians disposed of the perfunctory request for a friend.
In 204 BC , a law enacted by Romans, barred the advocates from taking fees.Later it was abolished by Emperor Claudius, who legalized advocacy as a profession and allowed the Roman advocates to practice openly
Today one needs to complete the law education approved by the Bar council and has to pass the bar exams of particular state and enroll before the sate to practice in the state.
However, the liberalization in the legal profession has made an individual/lawyer to practice law in other country.

1.England and Wales:
There are about 10,000 Barristers and 60,000 of solicitors in England and Wales today. The General Council of the Bar (known as the Bar Council) and other laws govern the barristers in UK and the Law Society of UK governs the Solicitors in UK. Only the Solicitors and Barristers are allowed to practice in the UK.
Practice of law by foreign lawyer:
Even the Foreign Lawyers eligible to be enrolled as the Solicitor of in England and Wales if he get through in the qualified lawyers of transfer Test(QLTT)
The Qualified Lawyers’ Transfer Test (QLTT), England ‘s official transfer exam for foreign attorneys. It is a test in which candidates are expected to demonstrate a basic familiarity with English statutes, cases, practice rules and the principles of common law. QLTT Exams are conducted in many countries annually. The test covers four heads (subject areas): Head 1 – Property, Head 2 – Litigation, Head 3 – Professional conduct and accounts, Head 4 – Principles of common law. There are exemptions to certain countries on this. Generally lawyers from common law countries who have studied their law in English medium needs to sit for professional conduct and accounts ( head 4 ) exam only. However most of the US attorneys need to get through in head 1, 2, and 3 also.

2.Singapore:
As on 2006,there were about 3,476 advocates and solicitors in Singapore. The Law Society of Singapore governs the represents solicitors and maintains and improves standards of conduct and training.
The Legal Profession Act (1967) governs the legal profession in Singapore.
Foreign lawyers are regulated by the Attorney General’s Chambers . The AG’s chamber registers and regulates foreign lawyers. It also formulates laws, rules, guidelines and policies relating to joint law ventures, formal law alliances, representative offices, foreign law firms and foreign lawyers practicing in Singapore and advises on the practical application of the laws governing the legal profession.
Foreign lawyers are required to register individually with the Attorney General’s Chambers in Singapore. Foreign lawyers cannot be sole practitioners and must work as employees, partners or directors in one of the following practice vehicles: As a foreign law firm, A Joint Law Venture (“JLV”),A Formal Law Alliance (“FLA”), As a foreign lawyer in a Singapore law firm.

3. South Africa
There are approximately 13 000 practising attorneys . Law Society of South Africa and regional law societies regulates advocates (barristers) and attorneys (solicitors).
According to section 15(1)(b)(iii) of the Attorneys Act, only the south African LLb holder is allowed to practice in the country. The Act also makes permanent residency or citizenship prerequisite as well as the passing of the South African Attorney’s Admission Examination prerequisite to the admission as attorney in South Africa.
There are certain exceptions to this rule. The Attorneys Act itself relaxes admission requirements with regard to candidates hailing from certain designated countries do not have to serve as candidate attorneys and can be exempted from the need to obtain a South African LLB degree as well as from the need to sit for the South African Attorneys admission examination
Foreign lawyers may establish under home title (e.g. as a Solicitor of England & Wales or as Attorney in USA) and are permitted to practice home and international law. In addition, they can also practice: international finance, project management, and arbitration.
Certain work relating to litigation, appearance in court and conveyancing can only be conducted by South African attorneys. Foreign firms are not permitted to practise local law or to enter into partnerships or fee-sharing

GBI Research’s report, “The Global Carbon Trading Market – Concepts, Regulations and Industry Trends to 2020″ provides an in-depth analysis on the global carbon trading market. The report provides the latest information on the value, volume and price of the emissions traded in primary project-based mechanisms such as Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), Joint Implementation (JI) and secondary CDM, and allowance markets such as the EU Emission Trading System (ETS), New South Wales Exchange, Chicago Climate Exchange, the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) and Assigned Amount Units (AAUs). The report provides a scenario-based forecast of the carbon market up to 2020. The report provides an overview on various carbon registries, carbon exchanges and the major companies participating in the carbon trade. The research work provides indispensable assessment of risk and opportunities for the corporate in the carbon constraint environment. Regulatory efforts to mitigate climate change have spawned an emerging carbon market that grew at compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 89% to reach 8.3 billion in 2009. The EU’s initiatives to build a broad, globally linked carbon market, the prospective US Federal cap-and-trade program and the strong emergence of other regional market trading mechanisms will drive the carbon market significantly beyond 2012.

Scope

Key market data on the volume and market value of carbon allowances, covering both project-based transactions and allowance-based transactions from 2004–2009.
Analysis on all global carbon market exchanges — the EU Emission Trading System (ETS), New South Wales Exchange, Chicago Climate Exchange, the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI), Australian Climate Exchange, World Green Exchange etc.
Historic pricing trends for carbon in various exchanges and project-based transactions from 2005–2009.
Forecasts of the global carbon trading market up to 2020 based on likely scenarios that might emerge in the future.
Impact assessment of key carbon regulations and policies and their impact on the growth of global carbon trading market.
Analyzes market-based instruments such as certifications and standards used in carbon trading in 2009.
Overview on investment firms, infrastructure and energy service providers, advisory companies, financial firms, brokerage firms, carbon solution providers and other auditing firms participating in carbon trade.
Key emission trading companies covered include 3 Degrees Incorporated, APX Incorporated, Baker & McKenzie, Blue Source, CantorCO2e, Climate Focus and Credit Suisse
Assessment of risk and opportunities for the corporate in the carbon constraint environment

Reasons to buy

Navigate the carbon emission market landscape through detailed analysis of the current carbon market dynamics and potential changes
Identify the most promising geography to invest in energy efficiency and renewable energy projects, in order to minimize carbon taxes.
Identify the most promising geography to invest in the unconventional and renewable energy sectors to minimize carbon taxes.
Develop custom strategies for different geographies based on the stringency of the carbon policy in the respective geography.
Develop business strategies with the help of specific insights into policy decisions being taken on the carbon credits trade by EU 27, the US, Australia and other developed and emerging countries worldwide.
Identify risks associated with tightening carbon emission cap and transform them into opportunities for future growth.

1 Table of Contents 6

1.1 List of Tables 8
1.2 List of Figures 9

2 Introduction 10

2.1 Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions and Their Impact on Global Carbon Trading Markets 10 2.1.1 Impact of Greenhouse Gases on Ecology 10
2.1.2 Naturally Occurring Carbon Cycle 11
2.1.3 Global Initiatives to Reduce Carbon Footprint 12

3 Origins of Carbon Trading Market and Exchanges 14

3.1 Evolution of Carbon Trading Market 14
3.2 Global and Regional Carbon Exchanges 15

4 Kyoto Protocol, a Precursor of Emissions Trading Systems 17

4.1 Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM) 19 4.1.1 CDM Project Activity Cycle 20
4.1.2 Joint Implementation (JI) and Assigned Amount Unit (AAU) 20
4.1.3 Emission Trading 28

5 Global Carbon Trading Market: Dynamics and Statistics 29

5.1 Global Carbon Trading Market Overview 29
5.2 Global Allowance Markets 31 5.2.1 The EU Emission Trading Scheme: Still the Most Prominent Carbon Market 32
5.2.2 The US Market 33
5.2.3 The Australian Market 35

5.3 Global Project-based Market 36 5.3.1 Primary Project-based Market 37
5.3.2 Secondary Project-based Market 56

5.4 Post 2012 Market Uncertainty: Scenario Based Forecast to 2020 57 5.4.1 Linear Growth: Moderate Market with Current Programs and Policies 57
5.4.2 Scaling Up: Implementation of US Cap-and-Trade Program and EU Integrated Systems 59
5.4.3 Global Reach: Collaboration of EU, the US and Developing Nations 61

6 Global Carbon Credits Market Policy Framework Facilitating Emissions Trading 63

6.1 Overview of Regulatory Framework for Emission Trading Systems 63 6.1.1 American Clean Energy and Security Act and its Implications 63
6.1.2 European Union’s Climate Change Policy 64
6.1.3 Climate Change Initiatives in Canada and Prospects for Emissions Trading 67
6.1.4 Australia’s Climate Change Initiatives will Aid the Emission Trading Mechanism 67

6.2 Increasing Role of International Emissions Trading and International Emissions Trading Association (IETA) in Boosting the Market 68 6.2.1 Objectives of IETA 68
6.2.2 Programs by IETA 68

6.3 Various Regulatory Frameworks and Regional Initiatives in the US 69 6.3.1 American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 70
6.3.2 Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) in the US 71
6.3.3 California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 AB 32 73
6.3.4 Western Climate Initiative (WCI) 73
6.3.5 Midwestern Regional GHG Reduction Accord (MGGRA) 74
6.3.6 EPA Climate Leaders 74
6.3.7 Hawaii Global Warming Solutions Act of 2007 74
6.4 European Union Emissions Trading System Promotes Emissions Trading Market 75
6.4.1 EU ETS 75
6.4.2 Revised EU ETS 75

6.5 Japan’s Keidanren Voluntary Action Plan and Other Voluntary Markets 77
6.6 Emission Reduction Schemes of Australia 78 6.6.1 New South Wales Greenhouse Gas Abatement Scheme 78
6.6.2 Greenhouse Challenge Plus 78
6.6.3 Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme 78

6.7 Canadian Government’s Measures and Initiatives Drive Carbon Trading 79
6.8 Global Carbon Credits Standards 79 6.8.1 American Carbon Registry Standard 80
6.8.2 The Climate Action Reserve Protocols 81
6.8.3 The CarbonFix Standard 81
6.8.4 Chicago Climate Exchange Offsets Program 81
6.8.5 Climate, Community, and Biodiversity Standards 81
6.8.6 EPA Climate Leaders Offset Guidance 81
6.8.7 Greenhouse Gas Services Standard 81
6.8.8 The Gold Standard 82
6.8.9 Greenhouse Friendly 82
6.8.10 ISO 14064 Standards 82
6.8.11 Plan Vivo 82
6.8.12 Social Carbon Standard 82
6.8.13 TUV NORD Climate Change Standard and VER+ Standard 82
6.8.14 Voluntary Carbon Standard 83

7 Competitive Landscape of Emission Trading Companies 84

7.1 3 Degrees Incorporated 84
7.2 APX Incorporated 84
7.3 Baker & McKenzie 84
7.4 Blue Source 84
7.5 CantorCO2e 84
7.6 Climate Focus 85
7.7 Credit Suisse 85
7.8 EcoSecurities Group 85
7.9 Equator LLC 85
7.10 MGM International 85
7.11 Natsource 85
7.12 RNK Capital LLC 86
7.13 Sterling Planet, Incorporated 86
7.14 Tradition Financial Services/TFS Energy/TFS Green 86
7.15 TUV SUD America 86

8 Corporate Sustainability in a Changing Landscape 87

8.1 Carbon Exposure Risks 87
8.2 Carbon Exposure Opportunities 88
8.3 Carbon Emission Intensity by Sector 88
8.4 Companies are Expanding the Horizons of Sustainability Practices — New Initiatives in Carbon Sustainability 89 8.4.1 Chevron Corporation — Multifaceted Response to Climate Change 89
8.4.2 Walmart Stores, Inc. — Sustainability Mandate throughout the Supply Chain 91
8.4.3 General Electric Co. — Ecomagination Initiative, Revenue Opportunities from Climate Change Solutions 92

9 Appendix 94

9.1 About GBI Research 94
9.2 Abbreviations 94
9.3 Methodology 96 9.3.1 Coverage 97
9.3.2 Secondary Research 97
9.3.3 Primary Research 97
9.3.4 Expert Panel Validation 98

9.4 Contact Us 98
9.5 Disclaimer 98

Incoming search terms:

• global market industry inIT (1)